What they have in common
All four run the distro with proot, on Android's own kernel, as an ordinary app. So they share the same limits: no Docker, Snap or Flatpak, no GPU acceleration, no access to hardware like USB adapters, and on Android 12 and newer, Android's phantom process killer can stop the distro with "Process completed (signal 9)" until you turn it off (how to fix signal 9). None of them needs root.
When to pick which
Andronix
If you want a working desktop with the fewest steps: one command installs the distro, a desktop, Firefox and sound,
creates your user, and andronix desktop opens it full screen in Termux:X11. The same commands work for
all nine distros, and there are commands to update, back up and add developer tools. The free distros are free;
Modded OS editions with a themed, ready-made desktop are optional and paid.
Start here.
UserLAnd
If you don't want to install Termux at all. UserLAnd is a self-contained, open-source app that runs a distro and connects to it over SSH or VNC.
AnLinux
If you want a long list of distros, including Parrot, BackBox and openSUSE, and you're happy to paste setup scripts into Termux and use a VNC viewer.
proot-distro
If you're comfortable on the command line and want full control: it's the official Termux tool, it can create a container from any Docker/OCI image, and you set up the desktop, sound and users yourself.
And Android's own Linux Terminal?
Some newer phones (Pixel, and Exynos versions of some Samsung phones) have Google's Linux Terminal, a Debian virtual machine with its own kernel. It's not available on Snapdragon phones. How it compares with Termux and Andronix: Android's Linux Terminal vs Termux and Andronix.
Installing Kali? See How to install Kali Linux on Android without root.
Sources
- UserLAnd: GitHub repository
- AnLinux: GitHub repository and its desktop scripts
- proot-distro: GitHub repository
- Andronix: supported distros and the andronix command